Blood Reviews
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 161-171 , May 2006

The role of mesenchymal stem cells in haemopoiesis

  • Francesco Dazzi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Present address: Department of Immunology, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 208 383 2134; fax: +44 208 742 9335.
    • ,
  • Rajesh Ramasamy

      Affiliations

    • Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
    • ,
  • Sarah Glennie

      Affiliations

    • Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
    • ,
  • Simon P. Jones

      Affiliations

    • Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
    • ,
  • Irene Roberts

      Affiliations

    • Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK

References 

  1. Kadiyala S, Young RG, Thiede MA, Bruder SP. Culture expanded canine mesenchymal stem cells possess osteochondrogenic potential in vivo and in vitro. Cell Transplant. 1997;6:125–134
  2. Friedenstein AJ, Deriglasova UF, Kulagina NN, et al. Precursors for fibroblasts in different populations of hematopoietic cells as detected by the in vitro colony assay method. Exp Hematol. 1974;2:83–92
  3. Koc ON, Gerson SL, Cooper BW, et al. Rapid hematopoietic recovery after coinfusion of autologous-blood stem cells and culture-expanded marrow mesenchymal stem cells in advanced breast cancer patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:307–316
  4. Horwitz EM, Gordon PL, Koo WK, et al. Isolated allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells engraft and stimulate growth in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: Implications for cell therapy of bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:8932–8937
  5. Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999;284:143–147
  6. Sekiya I, Larson BL, Smith JR, Pochampally R, Cui JG, Prockop DJ. Expansion of human adult stem cells from bone marrow stroma: conditions that maximize the yields of early progenitors and evaluate their quality. Stem Cells. 2002;20:530–541
  7. Le Blanc K, Rasmusson I, Sundberg B, et al. Treatment of severe acute graft-versus-host disease with third party haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells. Lancet. 2004;363:1439–1441
  8. Zappia E, Casazza S, Pedemonte E, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis inducing T cell anergy. Blood. 2005;
  9. Baddoo M, Hill K, Wilkinson R, et al. Characterization of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from murine bone marrow by negative selection. J Cell Biochem. 2003;89:1235–1249
  10. Santa Maria L, Rojas CV, Minguell JJ. Signals from damaged but not undamaged skeletal muscle induce myogenic differentiation of rat bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Cell Res. 2004;300:418–426
  11. Devine SM, Bartholomew AM, Mahmud N, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells are capable of homing to the bone marrow of non-human primates following systemic infusion. Exp Hematol. 2001;29:244–255
  12. Airey JA, Almeida-Porada G, Colletti EJ, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells form Purkinje fibers in fetal sheep heart. Circulation. 2004;109:1401–1407
  13. Silva GV, Litovsky S, Assad JA, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into an endothelial phenotype, enhance vascular density, and improve heart function in a canine chronic ischemia model. Circulation. 2005;111:150–156
  14. Moscoso I, Centeno A, Lopez E, et al. Differentiation “in vitro” of primary and immortalized porcine mesenchymal stem cells into cardiomyocytes for cell transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:481–482
  15. Bosnakovski D, Mizuno M, Kim G, Takagi S, Okumura M, Fujinaga T. Isolation and multilineage differentiation of bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Tissue Res. 2005;319:243–253
  16. Ringe J, Haupl T, Sittinger M. Mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering of bone and cartilage. Med Klin (Munich). 2003;98(Suppl 2):35–40
  17. Villaron EM, Almeida J, Lopez-Holgado N, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells are present in peripheral blood and can engraft after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica. 2004;89:1421–1427
  18. Campagnoli C, Roberts IA, Kumar S, Bennett PR, Bellantuono I, Fisk NM. Identification of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in human first-trimester fetal blood, liver, and bone marrow. Blood. 2001;98:2396–2402
  19. in’t Anker PS, Noort WA, Scherjon SA, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells in human second-trimester bone marrow, liver, lung, and spleen exhibit a similar immunophenotype but a heterogeneous multilineage differentiation potential. Haematologica. 2003;88:845–852
  20. Igura K, Zhang X, Takahashi K, Mitsuru A, Yamaguchi S, Takashi TA. Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal progenitor cells from chorionic villi of human placenta. Cytotherapy. 2004;6:543–553
  21. Tsai MS, Lee JL, Chang YJ, Hwang SM. Isolation of human multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from second-trimester amniotic fluid using a novel two-stage culture protocol. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:1450–1456
  22. Erices A, Conget P, Minguell JJ. Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br J Haematol. 2000;109:235–242
  23. Zvaifler NJ, Marinova-Mutafchieva L, Adams G, et al. Mesenchymal precursor cells in the blood of normal individuals. Arthritis Res. 2000;2:477–488
  24. O’Donoghue K, Choolani M, Chan J, et al. Identification of fetal mesenchymal stem cells in maternal blood: implications for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Mol Hum Reprod. 2003;9:497–502
  25. O’Donoghue K, Chan J, de la Fuente J, et al. Microchimerism in female bone marrow and bone decades after fetal mesenchymal stem-cell trafficking in pregnancy. Lancet. 2004;364:179–182
  26. Kuznetsov SA, Friedenstein AJ, Robey PG. Factors required for bone marrow stromal fibroblast colony formation in vitro. Br J Haematol. 1997;97:561–570
  27. Gronthos S, Simmons PJ. The growth factor requirements of STRO-1-positive human bone marrow stromal precursors under serum-deprived conditions in vitro. Blood. 1995;85:929–940
  28. Reyes M, Lund T, Lenvik T, Aguiar D, Koodie L, Verfaillie CM. Purification and ex vivo expansion of postnatal human marrow mesodermal progenitor cells. Blood. 2001;98:2615–2625
  29. Colter DC, Class R, DiGirolamo CM, Prockop DJ. Rapid expansion of recycling stem cells in cultures of plastic-adherent cells from human bone marrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:3213–3218
  30. Prockop DJ, Gregory CA, Spees JL. One strategy for cell and gene therapy: harnessing the power of adult stem cells to repair tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(Suppl 1):11917–11923
  31. Bruder SP, Jaiswal N, Haynesworth SE. Growth kinetics, self-renewal, and the osteogenic potential of purified human mesenchymal stem cells during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation. J Cell Biochem. 1997;64:278–294
  32. Colter DC, Sekiya I, Prockop DJ. Identification of a subpopulation of rapidly self-renewing and multipotential adult stem cells in colonies of human marrow stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:7841–7845
  33. Gregory CA, Singh H, Perry AS, Prockop DJ. The Wnt signaling inhibitor dickkopf-1 is required for reentry into the cell cycle of human adult stem cells from bone marrow. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:28067–28078
  34. Krampera M, Pasini A, Rigo A, et al. HB-EGF/HER -1 signalling in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: inducing cell expansion and preventing reversibly multi-lineage differentiation. Blood. 2005;
  35. Simmons PJ, Torok-Storb B. Identification of stromal cell precursors in human bone marrow by a novel monoclonal antibody, STRO-1. Blood. 1991;78:55–62
  36. Simmons PJ, Masinovsky B, Longenecker BM, Berenson R, Torok-Storb B, Gallatin WM. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expressed by bone marrow stromal cells mediates the binding of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood. 1992;80:388–395
  37. Alsalameh S, Amin R, Gemba T, Lotz M. Identification of mesenchymal progenitor cells in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:1522–1532
  38. Silva WA, Covas DT, Panepucci RA, et al. The profile of gene expression of human marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2003;21:661–669
  39. Monticone M, Liu Y, Tonachini L, et al. Gene expression profile of human bone marrow stromal cells determined by restriction fragment differential display analysis. J Cell Biochem. 2004;92:733–744
  40. Jeong JA, Hong SH, Gang EJ, et al. Differential gene expression profiling of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells by DNA microarray. Stem Cells. 2005;23:584–593
  41. Panepucci RA, Siufi JL, Silva WA, et al. Comparison of gene expression of umbilical cord vein and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 2004;22:1263–1278
  42. Herzog EL, Chai L, Krause DS. Plasticity of marrow-derived stem cells. Blood. 2003;102:3483–3493
  43. Reyes M, Dudek A, Jahagirdar B, Koodie L, Marker PH, Verfaillie CM. Origin of endothelial progenitors in human postnatal bone marrow. J Clin Invest. 2002;109:337–346
  44. Woodbury D, Schwarz EJ, Prockop DJ, Black IB. Adult rat and human bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into neurons. J Neurosci Res. 2000;61:364–370
  45. Sato Y, Araki H, Kato J, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells xenografted directly to rat liver differentiated into human hepatocytes without fusion. Blood. 2005;
  46. Togel F, Hu Z, Weiss K, et al. Amelioration of Acute Renal Failure by Stem Cell Therapy–Paracrine Secretion Versus Transdifferentiation into Resident Cells: Administered Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protect against Ischemic Acute Renal Failure through Differentiation-Independent Mechanisms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol E-pub February 15, 2005. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1153–1163
  47. Jiang Y, Jahagirdar BN, Reinhardt RL, et al. Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature. 2002;418:41–49
  48. Egusa H, Schweizer FE, Wang CC, Matsuka Y, Nishimura I. Neuronal differentiation of bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells involves suppression of discordant phenotypes through gene silencing. J Biol Chem. 2005;
  49. Shizuru JA, Negrin RS, Weissman IL. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells: clinical and preclinical regeneration of the hematolymphoid system. Annu Rev Med. 2005;56:509–538
  50. de Bruijn MF, Speck NA, Peeters MC, Dzierzak E. Definitive hematopoietic stem cells first develop within the major arterial regions of the mouse embryo. Embo J. 2000;19:2465–2474
  51. Marshall CJ, Thrasher AJ. The embryonic origins of human haematopoiesis. Br J Haematol. 2001;112:838–850
  52. Dzierzak E. The emergence of definitive hematopoietic stem cells in the mammal. Curr Opin Hematol. 2005;12:197–202
  53. Kumaravelu P, Hook L, Morrison AM, et al. Quantitative developmental anatomy of definitive haematopoietic stem cells/long-term repopulating units (HSC/RUs): role of the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region and the yolk sac in colonisation of the mouse embryonic liver. Development. 2002;129:4891–4899
  54. Ling KW, Ottersbach K, van Hamburg JP, et al. GATA-2 plays two functionally distinct roles during the ontogeny of hematopoietic stem cells. J Exp Med. 2004;200:871–882
  55. Gekas C, Dieterlen-Lievre F, Orkin SH, Mikkola HK. The placenta is a niche for hematopoietic stem cells. Dev Cell. 2005;8:365–375
  56. Ottersbach K, Dzierzak E. The murine placenta contains hematopoietic stem cells within the vascular labyrinth region. Dev Cell. 2005;8:377–387
  57. Klein AK, Dyck JA, Stitzel KA, Shimizu J, Fox LA, Taylor N. Characterization of canine fetal lymphohematopoiesis: studies of CFUGM, CFUL, and CFUF. Exp Hematol. 1983;11:263–274
  58. Van den Heuvel RL, Versele SR, Schoeters GE, Vanderborght OL. Stromal stem cells (CFU-f) in yolk sac, liver, spleen and bone marrow of pre- and postnatal mice. Br J Haematol. 1987;66:15–20
  59. Charbord P, Tavian M, Humeau L, Peault B. Early ontogeny of the human marrow from long bones: an immunohistochemical study of hematopoiesis and its microenvironment. Blood. 1996;87:4109–4119
  60. Mendes SC, Robin C, Dzierzak E. Mesenchymal progenitor cells localize within hematopoietic sites throughout ontogeny. Development. 2005;132:1127–1136
  61. Friedenstein AJ, Piatetzky S, Petrakova KV. Osteogenesis in transplants of bone marrow cells. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1966;16:381–390
  62. Noort WA, Kruisselbrink AB, in’t Anker PS, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells promote engraftment of human umbilical cord blood-derived CD34 (+) cells in NOD/SCID mice. Exp Hematol. 2002;30:870–878
  63. Zhang Y, Adachi Y, Suzuki Y, et al. Simultaneous injection of bone marrow cells and stromal cells into bone marrow accelerates hematopoiesis in vivo. Stem Cells. 2004;22:1256–1262
  64. Dexter TM, Allen TD, Lajtha LG. Conditions controlling the proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol. 1977;91:335–344
  65. Sugiura K, Hisha H, Ishikawa J, et al. Major histocompatibility complex restriction between hematopoietic stem cells and stromal cells in vitro. Stem Cells. 2001;19:46–58
  66. Lazarus HM, Koc ON, Devine SM, et al. Cotransplantation of HLA-Identical Sibling Culture-Expanded Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Hematologic Malignancy Patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2005;11:389–398
  67. Bianco P, Boyde A. Confocal images of marrow stromal (Westen-Bainton) cells. Histochemistry. 1993;100:93–99
  68. Bianco P, Riminucci M, Kuznetsov S, Robey PG. Multipotential cells in the bone marrow stroma: regulation in the context of organ physiology. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 1999;9:159–173
  69. Bianco P, Costantini M, Dearden LC, Bonucci E. Alkaline phosphatase positive precursors of adipocytes in the human bone marrow. Br J Haematol. 1988;68:401–403
  70. Wilson CA, Bekele G, Nicolson M, Ravussin E, Pratley RE. Relationship of the white blood cell count to body fat: role of leptin. Br J Haematol. 1997;99:447–451
  71. Bianco P, Riminucci M, Gronthos S, Robey PG. Bone marrow stromal stem cells: nature, biology, and potential applications. Stem Cells. 2001;19:180–192
  72. Li W, Johnson SA, Shelley WC, Yoder MC. Hematopoietic stem cell repopulating ability can be maintained in vitro by some primary endothelial cells. Exp Hematol. 2004;32:1226–1237
  73. Gaugler MH, Squiban C, Mouthon MA, Gourmelon P, van der Meeren A. Irradiation enhances the support of haemopoietic cell transmigration, proliferation and differentiation by endothelial cells. Br J Haematol. 2001;113:940–950
  74. Cannella L, Laylor R, Marelli-Berg F, Dazzi F. Irradiation influences endothelial cell function in vitro and in vivo: A possible role for IP10. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2005;11:45
  75. Arai F, Hirao A, Suda T. Regulation of hematopoietic stem cells by the niche. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2005;15:75–79
  76. Calvi LM, Adams GB, Weibrecht KW, et al. Osteoblastic cells regulate the haematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature. 2003;425:841–846
  77. Zhang J, Niu C, Ye L, et al. Identification of the haematopoietic stem cell niche and control of the niche size. Nature. 2003;425:836–841
  78. Lord BI, Testa NG, Hendry JH. The relative spatial distributions of CFUs and CFUc in the normal mouse femur. Blood. 1975;46:65–72
  79. Balduino A, Hurtado SP, Frazao P, et al. Bone marrow subendosteal microenvironment harbours functionally distinct haemosupportive stromal cell populations. Cell Tissue Res. 2005;319:255–266
  80. Eglitis MA, Mezey E. Hematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:4080–4085
  81. Camargo FD, Green R, Capetanaki Y, Jackson KA, Goodell MA. Single hematopoietic stem cells generate skeletal muscle through myeloid intermediates. Nat Med. 2003;9:1520–1527
  82. Stein MI, Zhu J, Emerson SG. Molecular pathways regulating the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol. 2004;32:1129–1136
  83. Reya T, Duncan AW, Ailles L, et al. A role for Wnt signalling in self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. Nature. 2003;423:409–414
  84. Sato N, Meijer L, Skaltsounis L, Greengard P, Brivanlou AH. Maintenance of pluripotency in human and mouse embryonic stem cells through activation of Wnt signaling by a pharmacological GSK-3-specific inhibitor. Nat Med. 2004;10:55–63
  85. Duncan AW, Rattis FM, DiMascio LN, et al. Integration of Notch and Wnt signaling in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:314–322
  86. Arai F, Hirao A, Ohmura M, et al. Tie2/angiopoietin-1 signaling regulates hematopoietic stem cell quiescence in the bone marrow niche. Cell. 2004;118:149–161
  87. Avecilla ST, Hattori K, Heissig B, et al. Chemokine-mediated interaction of hematopoietic progenitors with the bone marrow vascular niche is required for thrombopoiesis. Nat Med. 2004;10:64–71
  88. Banu N, Avraham S, Avraham HK. P-selectin, and not E-selectin, negatively regulates murine megakaryocytopoiesis. J Immunol. 2002;169:4579–4585
  89. Hurley RW, McCarthy JB, Verfaillie CM. Direct adhesion to bone marrow stroma via fibronectin receptors inhibits hematopoietic progenitor proliferation. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:511–519
  90. Jiang Y, Prosper F, Verfaillie CM. Opposing effects of engagement of integrins and stimulation of cytokine receptors on cell cycle progression of normal human hematopoietic progenitors. Blood. 2000;95:846–854
  91. Glennie S, Soeiro I, Dyson PJ, Lam EW, Dazzi F. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induce division arrest anergy of activated T cells. Blood. 2005;105:2821–2827
  92. Haynesworth SE, Baber MA, Caplan AI. Cytokine expression by human marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells in vitro: effects of dexamethasone and IL-1 alpha. J Cell Physiol. 1996;166:585–592
  93. Majumdar MK, Thiede MA, Mosca JD, Moorman M, Gerson SL. Phenotypic and functional comparison of cultures of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and stromal cells. J Cell Physiol. 1998;176:57–66
  94. Roberts I. Mesenchymal stem cells. Vox Sang. 2004;87(Suppl 2):38–41
  95. Majumdar MK, Thiede MA, Haynesworth SE, Bruder SP, Gerson SL. Human marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express hematopoietic cytokines and support long-term hematopoiesis when differentiated toward stromal and osteogenic lineages. J Hematother Stem Cell Res. 2000;9:841–848
  96. Taichman RS, Reilly MJ, Verma RS, Emerson SG. Augmented production of interleukin-6 by normal human osteoblasts in response to CD34+ hematopoietic bone marrow cells in vitro. Blood. 1997;89:1165–1172
  97. Ahmed N, Sammons J, Carson RJ, Khokher MA, Hassan HT. Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-6 on haemopoietic stem cells and cytokine production in normal human bone marrow stroma. Cell Biol Int. 2001;25:429–435
  98. Petit I, Szyper-Kravitz M, Nagler A, et al. G-CSF induces stem cell mobilization by decreasing bone marrow SDF-1 and up-regulating CXCR4. Nat Immunol. 2002;3:687–694
  99. Auerbach R. Morphogenetic interactions in the development of the mouse thymus gland. Dev Biol. 1960;2:271–284
  100. Bockman DE, Kirby ML. Dependence of thymus development on derivatives of the neural crest. Science. 1984;223:498–500
  101. Anderson G, Jenkinson EJ. Lymphostromal interactions in thymic development and function. Nat Rev Immunol. 2001;1:31–40
  102. Revest JM, Suniara RK, Kerr K, Owen JJ, Dickson C. Development of the thymus requires signaling through the fibroblast growth factor receptor R2-IIIb. J Immunol. 2001;167:1954–1961
  103. Jenkinson WE, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G. Differential requirement for mesenchyme in the proliferation and maturation of thymic epithelial progenitors. J Exp Med. 2003;198:325–332
  104. Banwell CM, Partington KM, Jenkinson EJ, Anderson G. Studies on the role of IL-7 presentation by mesenchymal fibroblasts during early thymocyte development. Eur J Immunol. 2000;30:2125–2129
  105. Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Jerabek L, Weissman IL, Strober S. Extrathymic maturation of alpha beta T cells from hemopoietic stem cells. J Immunol. 1995;155:3338–3344
  106. Li Y, Hisha H, Inaba M, et al. Evidence for migration of donor bone marrow stromal cells into recipient thymus after bone marrow transplantation plus bone grafts: A role of stromal cells in positive selection. Exp Hematol. 2000;28:950–960
  107. Bartholomew A, Sturgeon C, Siatskas M, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo. Exp Hematol. 2002;30:42–48
  108. Di Nicola M, Carlo-Stella C, Magni M, et al. Human bone marrow stromal cells suppress T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by cellular or nonspecific mitogenic stimuli. Blood. 2002;99:3838–3843
  109. Krampera M, Glennie S, Dyson J, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit the response of naive and memory antigen-specific T cells to their cognate peptide. Blood. 2003;101:3722–3729
  110. Potian JA, Aviv H, Ponzio NM, Harrison JS, Rameshwar P. Veto-like activity of mesenchymal stem cells: functional discrimination between cellular responses to alloantigens and recall antigens. J Immunol. 2003;171:3426–3434
  111. Otten GR, Germain RN. Split anergy in a CD8+ T cell: receptor-dependent cytolysis in the absence of interleukin-2 production. Science. 1991;251:1228–1231
  112. Tse WT, Pendleton JD, Beyer WM, Egalka MC, Guinan EC. Suppression of allogeneic T-cell proliferation by human marrow stromal cells: implications in transplantation. Transplantation. 2003;75:389–397
  113. Djouad F, Plence P, Bony C, et al. Immunosuppressive effect of mesenchymal stem cells favors tumor growth in allogeneic animals. Blood. 2003;102:3837–3844
  114. Meisel R, Zibert A, Laryea M, Gobel U, Daubener W, Dilloo D. Human bone marrow stromal cells inhibit allogeneic T-cell responses by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated tryptophan degradation. Blood. 2004;103:4619–4621
  115. Beyth S, Borovsky Z, Mevorach D, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells alter antigen-presenting cell maturation and induce T-cell unresponsiveness. Blood. 2005;105:2214–2219
  116. Zhang W, Ge W, Li C, et al. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Differentiation, Maturation, and Function of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Stem Cells Dev. 2004;13:263–271
  117. Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF. Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Blood. 2005;105:1815–1822
  118. Jiang XX, Zhang Y, Liu B, et al. Human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit differentiation and function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood. 2005;105:4120–4126
  119. Horwitz EM, Prockop DJ, Fitzpatrick LA, et al. Transplantability and therapeutic effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells in children with osteogenesis imperfecta. Nat Med. 1999;5:309–313
  120. Koc ON, Day J, Nieder M, Gerson SL, Lazarus HM, Krivit W. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell infusion for treatment of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and Hurler syndrome (MPS-IH). Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30:215–222
  121. Frassoni FLM, Bacigalupo A, Gluckman E, Rocha V, Bruno B, Lazarus H, et al. Expanded mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), co-infused with HLA identical hemopoietic stem cell transplants, reduce acute and chronic graft versus host disease: a matched pair analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;29:75

PII: S0268-960X(05)00059-7

doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2005.11.002

Blood Reviews
Volume 20, Issue 3 , Pages 161-171 , May 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution