Blood Reviews
Volume 20, Issue 6 , Pages 319-332 , November 2006

CNS prophylaxis in lymphoma: Who to target and what therapy to use

References 

  1. Buckstein R, Lim W, Franssen E, Imrie KL. CNS prophylaxis and treatment in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: variation in practice and lessons from the literature. Leuk Lymphoma. 2003;44:955–962
  2. Cheung CW, Burton C, Smith P, et al. Central nervous system chemoprophylaxis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: current practice in the UK. Br J Haematol. 2005;131:193–200
  3. Hollender A, Kvaloy S, et al. Central nervous system involvement following diagnosis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: a risk model. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:1099–1107
  4. Feugier P, Virion JM, Tilly H, et al. Incidence and risk factors for central nervous system occurrence in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: influence of rituximab. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:129–133
  5. Keldsen N, Michalski W, Bentzen SM, Hansen KB, Thorling K. Risk factors for central nervous system involvement in non-Hodgkins-lymphoma–a multivariate analysis. Acta Oncol. 1996;35:703–708
  6. MacKintosh FR, Colby TV, Podolsky WJ, et al. Central nervous system involvement in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an analysis of 105 cases. Cancer. 1982;49:586–595
  7. Bollen EL, Brouwer RE, Hamers S, et al. Central nervous system relapse in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A single-center study of 532 patients. Arch Neurol. 1997;54:854–859
  8. van Besien K, Ha CS, Murphy S, et al. Risk factors, treatment, and outcome of central nervous system recurrence in adults with intermediate-grade and immunoblastic lymphoma. Blood. 1998;91:1178–1184
  9. Tomita N, Kodama F, Sakai R, et al. Predictive factors for central nervous system involvement in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: significance of very high serum LDH concentrations. Leuk Lymphoma. 2000;38:335–343
  10. Hoerni-Simon G, Suchaud JP, Eghbali H, Coindre JM, Hoerni B. Secondary involvement of the central nervous system in malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. A study of 30 cases in a series of 498 patients. Oncology. 1987;44:98–101
  11. Zinzani PL, Magagnoli M, Frezza G, et al. Isolated central nervous system relapse in aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: the Bologna experience. Leuk Lymphoma. 1999;32:571–576
  12. Jahnke K, Thiel E, Martus P, Schwartz S, Korfel A. Retrospective study of prognostic factors in non-Hodgkin lymphoma secondarily involving the central nervous system. Ann Hematol. 2005;
  13. Bokstein F, Lossos A, Lossos IS, Siegal T. Central nervous system relapse of systemic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: results of treatment based on high-dose methotrexate combination chemotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43:587–593
  14. Anselmo AP, Proia A, Cartoni C, et al. Meningeal localization in a patient with Hodgkin’s disease. Description of a case and review of the literature. Ann Oncol. 1996;7:1071–1075
  15. Sapozink MD, Kaplan HS. Intracranial Hodgkin’s disease. A report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Cancer. 1983;52:1301–1307
  16. Hirmiz K, Foyle A, Wilke D, et al. Intracranial presentation of systemic Hodgkin’s disease. Leuk Lymphoma. 2004;45:1667–1671
  17. Liang R, Chiu E, Loke SL. Secondary central nervous system involvement by non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: the risk factors. Hematol Oncol. 1990;8:141–145
  18. Hollender A, Kvaloy S, Lote K, Nome O, Holte H. Prognostic factors in 140 adult patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with systemic central nervous system (CNS) involvement. A single centre analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:1762–1768
  19. Spectre G, Gural A, Amir G, et al. Central nervous system involvement in indolent lymphomas. Ann Oncol. 2005;16:450–454
  20. Bosch F, Lopez-Guillermo A, Campo E, et al. Mantle cell lymphoma: presenting features, response to therapy, and prognostic factors. Cancer. 1998;82:567–575
  21. Meusers P, Hense J, Brittinger G. Mantle cell lymphoma: diagnostic criteria, clinical aspects and therapeutic problems. Leukemia. 1997;11(Suppl 2):S60–S64
  22. Valdez R, Kroft SH, Ross CW, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid involvement in mantle cell lymphoma. Mod Pathol. 2002;15:1073–1079
  23. Oinonen R, Franssila K, Elonen E. Central nervous system involvement in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Ann Hematol. 1999;78:145–149
  24. Montserrat E, Bosch F, Lopez-Guillermo A, et al. CNS involvement in mantle-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:941–944
  25. Savage KJ, Chhanabhai M, Gascoyne RD, Connors JM. Characterization of peripheral T-cell lymphomas in a single North American institution by the WHO classification. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:1467–1475
  26. Canioni D, Jabado N, MacIntyre E, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in children with primary immunodeficiencies: immunological status may be more predictive of the outcome than other criteria. Histopathology. 2001;38:146–159
  27. Varan A, Buyukpamukcu M, Ersoy F, et al. Malignant solid tumors associated with congenital immunodeficiency disorders. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004;21:441–451
  28. Castellano-Sanchez AA, Li S, Qian J, et al. Primary central nervous system posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;121:246–253
  29. Buell JF, Gross TG, Hanaway MJ, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: significance of central nervous system involvement. Transplant Proc. 2005;37:954–955
  30. Benkerrou M, Jais JP, Leblond V, et al. Anti-B-cell monoclonal antibody treatment of severe posttransplant B-lymphoproliferative disorder: prognostic factors and long-term outcome. Blood. 1998;92:3137–3147
  31. Lim ST, Levine AM. Recent Advances in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)-related Lymphoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:229–241
  32. Cingolani A, Gastaldi R, Fassone L, et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection is predictive of CNS involvement in systemic AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:3325–3330
  33. Desai J, Mitnick RJ, Henry DH, Llena J, Sparano JA. Patterns of central nervous system recurrence in patients with systemic human immunodeficiency virus-associated non-hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 1999;86:1840–1847
  34. Knowles DM, Chamulak GA, Subar M, et al. Lymphoid neoplasia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The New York University Medical Center experience with 105 patients (1981–1986). Ann Intern Med. 1988;108:744–753
  35. Levine AM, Wernz JC, Kaplan L, et al. Low-dose chemotherapy with central nervous system prophylaxis and zidovudine maintenance in AIDS-related lymphoma. A prospective multi-institutional trial. JAMA. 1991;266:84–88
  36. Little RF, Pittaluga S, Grant N, et al. Highly effective treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma with dose-adjusted EPOCH: impact of antiretroviral therapy suspension and tumor biology. Blood. 2003;101:4653–4659
  37. Tulpule A, Levine A. AIDS-related lymphoma. Blood Rev. 1999;13:147–150
  38. Hegde U, Filie A, Little RF, et al. High incidence of occult leptomeningeal disease detected by flow cytometry in newly diagnosed aggressive B-cell lymphomas at risk for central nervous system involvement: the role of flow cytometry versus cytology. Blood. 2005;105:496–502
  39. Gill PS, Levine AM, Krailo M, et al. AIDS-related malignant lymphoma: results of prospective treatment trials. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:1322–1328
  40. Seneviratne L, Espina BM, Nathwani BN, et al. Clinical, immunologic, and pathologic correlates of bone marrow involvement in 291 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma. Blood. 2001;98:2358–2363
  41. Ersboll J, Schultz HB, Thomsen BL, Keiding N, Nissen NI. Meningeal involvement in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: symptoms, incidence, risk factors and treatment. Scand J Haematol. 1985;35:487–496
  42. Haioun C, Besson C, Lepage E, et al. Incidence and risk factors of central nervous system relapse in histologically aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma uniformly treated and receiving intrathecal central nervous system prophylaxis: a GELA study on 974 patients. Groupe d’Etudes des Lymphomes de l’Adulte. Ann Oncol. 2000;11:685–690
  43. Barrans SL, Carter I, Owen RG, et al. Germinal center phenotype and bcl-2 expression combined with the International Prognostic Index improves patient risk stratification in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Blood. 2002;99:1136–1143
  44. Bos GM, van Putten WL, van der HB, et al. For which patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is prophylaxis for central nervous system disease mandatory? Dutch HOVON Group. Ann Oncol. 1998;9:191–194
  45. Bashir RM, Bierman PJ, Vose JM, Weisenburger DD, Armitage JO. Central nervous system involvement in patients with diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 1991;14:478–482
  46. Moller MB, Pedersen NT, Christensen BE. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: clinical implications of extranodal versus nodal presentation–a population-based study of 1575 cases. Br J Haematol. 2004;124:151–159
  47. Moller MB, d’Amore F, Christensen BE. Testicular lymphoma: a population-based study of incidence, clinicopathological correlations and prognosis. The Danish Lymphoma Study Group, LYFO. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A:1760–1764
  48. Darby S, Hancock BW. Localised non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the testis: the Sheffield Lymphoma Group experience. Int J Oncol. 2005;26:1093–1099
  49. Shenkier TN, Voss N, Fairey R, et al. Brief chemotherapy and involved-region irradiation for limited-stage diffuse large-cell lymphoma: an 18-year experience from the British Columbia Cancer Agency. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:197–204
  50. Shahab N, Doll DC. Testicular lymphoma. Semin Oncol. 1999;26:259–269
  51. Zucca E, Conconi A, Mughal TI, et al. Patterns of outcome and prognostic factors in primary large-cell lymphoma of the testis in a survey by the International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:20–27
  52. Fonseca R, Habermann TM, Colgan JP, et al. Testicular lymphoma is associated with a high incidence of extranodal recurrence. Cancer. 2000;88:154–161
  53. Hasselblom S, Ridell B, Wedel H, et al. Testicular lymphoma–a retrospective, population-based, clinical and immunohistochemical study. Acta Oncol. 2004;43:758–765
  54. Lagrange JL, Ramaioli A, Theodore CH, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the testis: a retrospective study of 84 patients treated in the French anticancer centres. Ann Oncol. 2001;12:1313–1319
  55. Seymour JF, Solomon B, Wolf MM, et al. Primary large-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the testis: a retrospective analysis of patterns of failure and prognostic factors. Clin Lymphoma. 2001;2:109–115
  56. Tondini C, Ferreri AJ, Siracusano L, et al. Diffuse large-cell lymphoma of the testis. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:2854–2858
  57. Zouhair A, Weber D, Belkacemi Y, et al. Outcome and patterns of failure in testicular lymphoma: a multicenter Rare Cancer Network study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;52:652–656
  58. Fruchart C, Denoux Y, Chasle J, et al. High Grade Primary Breast Lymphoma: Is it a Different Clinical Entity. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005;93:91–98
  59. Au WY, Chan AC, Chow LW, Liang R. Lymphoma of the breast in Hong Kong Chinese. Hematol Oncol. 1997;15:33–38
  60. Ribrag V, Bibeau F, El Weshi A, et al. Primary breast lymphoma: a report of 20 cases. Br J Haematol. 2001;115:253–256
  61. Aviles A, Delgado S, Nambo MJ, et al. Primary breast lymphoma: results of a controlled clinical trial. Oncology. 2005;69:256–260
  62. Epelbaum R, Haim N, Ben Shahar M, et al. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma presenting with spinal epidural involvement. Cancer. 1986;58:2120–2124
  63. Rathmell AJ, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB, Clark RM. Localized extradural lymphoma: survival, relapse pattern and functional outcome. The Princess Margaret Hospital Lymphoma Group. Radiother Oncol. 1992;24:14–20
  64. Eeles RA, O’Brien P, Horwich A, Brada M. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma presenting with extradural spinal cord compression: functional outcome and survival. Br J Cancer. 1991;63:126–129
  65. McDonald AC, Nicoll JA, Rampling RP. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma presenting with spinal cord compression; a clinicopathological review of 25 cases. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:207–213
  66. Di Marco A, Campostrini F, Garusi GF. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas presenting with spinal epidural involvement. Acta Oncol. 1989;28:485–488
  67. Salvati M, Cervoni L, Artico M, et al. Primary spinal epidural non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: a clinical study. Surg Neurol. 1996;46:339–343
  68. Perry JR, Deodhare SS, Bilbao JM, Murray D, Muller P. The significance of spinal cord compression as the initial manifestation of lymphoma. Neurosurgery. 1993;32:157–162
  69. Lyons MK, O’Neill BP, Marsh WR, Kurtin PJ. Primary spinal epidural non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: report of eight patients and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1992;30:675–680
  70. Cuadra-Garcia I, Proulx GM, Wu CL, et al. Sinonasal lymphoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 58 cases from the Massachusetts General Hospital. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23:1356–1369
  71. Quraishi MS, Bessell EM, Clark D, Jones NS, Bradley PJ. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sinonasal tract. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:1489–1492
  72. Cheung MM, Chan JK, Lau WH, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the nose and nasopharynx: clinical features, tumor immunophenotype, and treatment outcome in 113 patients. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:70–77
  73. Woo JS, Kim JM, Lee SH, et al. Clinical analysis of extranodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the sinonasal tract. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;261:197–201
  74. Logsdon MD, Ha CS, Kavadi VS, et al. Lymphoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: improved outcome and altered prognostic factors with combined modality therapy. Cancer. 1997;80:477–488
  75. Jacobs C, Hoppe RT. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas of head and neck extranodal sites. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985;11:357–364
  76. Burton GV, Atwater S, Borowitz MJ, Huang AT. Extranodal head and neck lymphoma. Prognosis and patterns of recurrence. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116:69–73
  77. Kim GE, Koom WS, Yang WI, et al. Clinical relevance of three subtypes of primary sinonasal lymphoma characterized by immunophenotypic analysis. Head Neck. 2004;26:584–593
  78. Li YX, Coucke PA, Li JY, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the nasal cavity: prognostic significance of paranasal extension and the role of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Cancer. 1998;83:449–456
  79. Oprea C, Cainap C, Azoulay R, et al. Primary diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the paranasal sinuses: a report of 14 cases. Br J Haematol. 2005;131:468–471
  80. Shohat I, Berkowicz M, Dori S, et al. Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sinonasal tract. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;97:328–331
  81. Lee JL, Kim MK, Lee KH, et al. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type of the orbit and ocular adnexa. Ann Hematol. 2005;84:13–18
  82. Cho EY, Han JJ, Ree HJ, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of ocular adnexal lymphomas: extranodal marginal zone b-cell lymphoma constitutes the vast majority of ocular lymphomas among Koreans and affects younger patients. Am J Hematol. 2003;73:87–96
  83. Zhou P, Ng AK, Silver B, et al. Radiation therapy for orbital lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63:866–871
  84. Bairey O, Kremer I, Rakowsky E, Hadar H, Shaklai M. Orbital and adnexal involvement in systemic non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer. 1994;73:2395–2399
  85. Esmaeli B, Ahmadi MA, Manning J, McLaughlin PW, Ginsberg L. Clinical presentation and treatment of secondary orbital lymphoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;18:247–253
  86. Briggs JH, Algan O, Miller TP, Oleson JR. External beam radiation therapy in the treatment of patients with extranodal stage IA non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25:34–37
  87. Lee SW, Suh CO, Kim GE, et al. Role of radiotherapy for primary orbital lymphoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25:261–265
  88. Restrepo A, Raez LE, Byrne GE, et al. Is central nervous system prophylaxis necessary in ocular adnexal lymphoma. Crit Rev Oncog. 1998;9:269–273
  89. Akpek EK, Ahmed I, Hochberg FH, et al. Intraocular-central nervous system lymphoma: clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:1805–1810
  90. Hormigo A, Abrey L, Heinemann MH, DeAngelis LM. Ocular presentation of primary central nervous system lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment. Br J Haematol. 2004;126:202–208
  91. Mason JO, Fischer DH. Intrathecal chemotherapy for recurrent central nervous system intraocular lymphoma. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1241–1244
  92. Ferreri AJ, Blay JY, Reni M, et al. Relevance of intraocular involvement in the management of primary central nervous system lymphomas. Ann Oncol. 2002;13:531–538
  93. Christodoulou C, Skarlos DV. Treatment of small cell lung cancer. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;26:333–341
  94. Hill FG, Richards S, Gibson B, et al. Successful treatment without cranial radiotherapy of children receiving intensified chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of the risk-stratified randomized central nervous system treatment trial MRC UKALL XI (ISRC TN 16757172. Br J Haematol. 2004;124:33–46
  95. Pui CH, Cheng C, Leung W, et al. Extended follow-up of long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:640–649
  96. Said JA, Waters BG, Cousens P, Stevens MM. Neuropsychological sequelae of central nervous system prophylaxis in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1989;57:251–256
  97. Laack NN, Brown PD. Cognitive sequelae of brain radiation in adults. Semin Oncol. 2004;31:702–713
  98. Tucker J, Prior PF, Green CR, et al. Minimal neuropsychological sequelae following prophylactic treatment of the central nervous system in adult leukaemia and lymphoma. Br J Cancer. 1989;60:775–780
  99. Blasberg RG, Patlak C, Fenstermacher JD. Intrathecal chemotherapy: brain tissue profiles after ventriculocisternal perfusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1975;195:73–83
  100. Fleischhack G, Jaehde U, Bode U. Pharmacokinetics following intraventricular administration of chemotherapy in patients with neoplastic meningitis. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005;44:1–31
  101. Blaney SM, Poplack DG, Godwin K, et al. Effect of body position on ventricular CSF methotrexate concentration following intralumbar administration. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:177–179
  102. Hryniuk WM, Bertino JR. Treatment of leukemia with large doses of methotrexate and folinic acid: clinical-biochemical correlates. J Clin Invest. 1969;48:2140–2155
  103. Batchelor T, Leahy N, Kaufman D. High-dose methotrexate for isolated central nervous system relapse in patients with testicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma. 2001;2:116–119
  104. Borsi JD, Moe PJ. A comparative study on the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in a dose range of 0.5 g to 33.6 g/m2 in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 1987;60:5–13
  105. Millot F, Rubie H, Mazingue F, Mechinaud F, Thyss A. Cerebrospinal fluid drug levels of leukemic children receiving intravenous 5 g/m2 methotrexate. Leuk Lymphoma. 1994;14:141–144
  106. Vassal G, Valteau D, Bonnay M, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma methotrexate levels following high-dose regimen given as a 3-hour intravenous infusion in children with nonHodgkin’s lymphoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1990;7:71–77
  107. Moe PJ, Holen A, Nygaard R, et al. Methotrexate infusions as central nervous system prophylaxis in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia: the Norwegian experience. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;20:187–200
  108. Woessmann W, Seidemann K, Mann G, et al. The impact of the methotrexate administration schedule and dose in the treatment of children and adolescents with B-cell neoplasms: a report of the BFM Group Study NHL-BFM95. Blood. 2005;105:948–958
  109. Ettinger LJ, Chervinsky DS, Freeman AI, Creaven PJ. Pharmacokinetics of methotrexate following intravenous and intraventricular administration in acute lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer. 1982;50:1676–1682
  110. Buchen S, Ngampolo D, Melton RG, et al. Carboxypeptidase G2 rescue in patients with methotrexate intoxication and renal failure. Br J Cancer. 2005;92:480–487
  111. Morra E, Lazzarino M, Brusamolino E, et al. The role of systemic high-dose cytarabine in the treatment of central nervous system leukemia. Clinical results in 46 patients. Cancer. 1993;72:439–445
  112. Slevin ML, Piall EM, Aherne GW, et al. Effect of dose and schedule on pharmacokinetics of high-dose cytosine arabinoside in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:546–551
  113. Millot F, Suciu S, Philippe N, et al. Value of high-dose cytarabine during interval therapy of a Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster-based protocol in increased-risk children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma: results of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer 58881 randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:1935–1942
  114. Chamberlain MC, Kormanik P, Howell SB, Kim S. Pharmacokinetics of intralumbar DTC-101 for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:912–917
  115. Glantz MJ, LaFollette S, Jaeckle KA, et al. Randomized trial of a slow-release versus a standard formulation of cytarabine for the intrathecal treatment of lymphomatous meningitis. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3110–3116
  116. Mitchell CD, Richards SM, Kinsey SE, et al. Benefit of dexamethasone compared with prednisolone for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results of the UK Medical Research Council ALL97 randomized trial. Br J Haematol. 2005;129:734–745
  117. Rubenstein JL, Combs D, Rosenberg J, et al. Rituximab therapy for CNS lymphomas: targeting the leptomeningeal compartment. Blood. 2003;101:466–468
  118. Schulz H, Pels H, Schmidt-Wolf I, et al. Intraventricular treatment of relapsed central nervous system lymphoma with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. Haematologica. 2004;89:753–754
  119. Harjunpaa A, Wiklund T, Collan J, et al. Complement activation in circulation and central nervous system after rituximab (anti-CD20) treatment of B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001;42:731–738
  120. Evans AE, Gilbert ES, Zandstra R. The increasing incidence of central nervous system leukemia in children. (Children’s Cancer Study Group A. Cancer. 1970;26:404–409
  121. Schrappe M, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, et al. Long-term results of four consecutive trials in childhood ALL performed by the ALL-BFM study group from 1981 to 1995. Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster. Leukemia. 2000;14:2205–2222
  122. Nathan PC, Maze R, Spiegler B, et al. CNS-directed therapy in young children with T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: High-dose methotrexate versus cranial irradiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004;42:24–29
  123. Gokbuget N, Hoelzer D. Meningeosis leukaemica in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. J Neurooncol. 1998;38:167–180
  124. Omura GA, Moffitt S, Vogler WR, Salter MM. Combination chemotherapy of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia with randomized central nervous system prophylaxis. Blood. 1980;55:199–204
  125. Cortes J, O’Brien SM, Pierce S, et al. The value of high-dose systemic chemotherapy and intrathecal therapy for central nervous system prophylaxis in different risk groups of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 1995;86:2091–2097
  126. Hoelzer D, Gokbuget N. Treatment of lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2002;15:713–728
  127. Zinzani PL, Bendandi M, Visani G, et al. Adult lymphoblastic lymphoma: clinical features and prognostic factors in 53 patients. Leuk Lymphoma. 1996;23:577–582
  128. Nkrumah FK, Perkins IV. Relapse in Burkitt’s lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 1976;17:455–460
  129. Olweny CL, Katongole-Mbidde E, Kaddu-Mukasa A, et al. Treatment of Burkitt’s lymphoma: randomized clinical trial of single-agent versus combination chemotherapy. Int J Cancer. 1976;17:436–440
  130. Sariban E, Edwards B, Janus C, Magrath I. Central nervous system involvement in American Burkitt’s lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:677–681
  131. Bernstein JI, Coleman CN, Strickler JG, Dorfman RF, Rosenberg SA. Combined modality therapy for adults with small noncleaved cell lymphoma (Burkitt’s and non-Burkitt’s types. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:847–858
  132. Blum KA, Lozanski G, Byrd JC. Adult Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma. Blood. 2004;104:3009–3020
  133. Rizzieri DA, Johnson JL, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Intensive chemotherapy with and without cranial radiation for Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma: final results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9251. Cancer. 2004;100:1438–1448
  134. Tilly H, Lepage E, Coiffier B, et al. Intensive conventional chemotherapy (ACVBP regimen) compared with standard CHOP for poor-prognosis aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2003;102:4284–4289
  135. Tomita N, Kodama F, Kanamori H, Motomura S, Ishigatsubo Y. Prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortisone reduces central nervous system recurrence and improves survival in aggressive non-hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer. 2002;95:576–580
  136. Chua SL, Seymour JF, Streater J, et al. Intrathecal chemotherapy alone is inadequate central nervous system prophylaxis in patients with intermediate-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43:1783–1788
  137. Skarin AT, Canellos GP, Rosenthal DS, et al. Improved prognosis of diffuse histiocytic and undifferentiated lymphoma by use of high dose methotrexate alternating with standard agents (M-BACOD. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:91–98
  138. Shipp MA, Yeap BY, Harrington DP, et al. The m-BACOD combination chemotherapy regimen in large-cell lymphoma: analysis of the completed trial and comparison with the M-BACOD regimen. J Clin Oncol. 1990;8:84–93
  139. Perez-Soler R, Smith TL, Cabanillas F. Central nervous system prophylaxis with combined intravenous and intrathecal methotrexate in diffuse lymphoma of aggressive histologic type. Cancer. 1986;57:971–977
  140. Aviles A, Neri N, Huerta-Guzman J, Perez F, Fernandez R. Testicular lymphoma: organ-specific treatment did not improve outcome. Oncology. 2004;67:211–214
  141. Batchelor TT, Kolak G, Ciordia R, Foster CS, Henson JW. High-dose methotrexate for intraocular lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:711–715
  142. Henson JW, Yang J, Batchelor T. Intraocular methotrexate level after high-dose intravenous infusion. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:1329
  143. Baumann MA, Ritch PS, Hande KR, et al. Treatment of intraocular lymphoma with high-dose Ara-C. Cancer. 1986;57:1273–1275
  144. Hochman J, Assaf N, Deckert-Schluter M, Wiestler OD, Pe’er J. Entry routes of malignant lymphoma into the brain and eyes in a mouse model. Cancer Res. 2001;61:5242–5247
  145. Qualman SJ, Mendelsohn G, Mann RB, Green WR. Intraocular lymphomas. Natural history based on a clinicopathologic study of eight cases and review of the literature. Cancer. 1983;52:878–886
  146. Sandor V, Stark-Vancs V, Pearson D, et al. Phase II trial of chemotherapy alone for primary CNS and intraocular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3000–3006
  147. Kaplan LD, Lee JY, Ambinder RF, et al. Rituximab does not improve clinical outcome in a randomized phase III trial of CHOP with or without rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: AIDS-malignancies consortium trial 010. Blood. 2005;106:1538–1543
  148. Sparano JA, Lee S, Chen MG, et al. Phase II trial of infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial (E1494). J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1491–1500
  149. Lim ST, Karim R, Nathwani BN, et al. AIDS-related Burkitt’s lymphoma versus diffuse large-cell lymphoma in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and HAART eras: significant differences in survival with standard chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:4430–4438
  150. Kaplan LD, Straus DJ, Testa MA, et al. Low-dose compared with standard-dose m-BACOD chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N ngl J Med. 1997;336:1641–1648
  151. Remick SC, Sedransk N, Haase RF, et al. Oral combination chemotherapy in conjunction with filgrastim (G-CSF) in the treatment of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: evaluation of the role of G-CSF; quality-of-life analysis and long-term follow-up. Am J Hematol. 2001;66:178–188

PII: S0268-960X(06)00012-9

doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2006.02.001

Blood Reviews
Volume 20, Issue 6 , Pages 319-332 , November 2006

Article Tools